Ministry of Agriculture and Lands
Pesticide Resistance Management Groups
- Explanation of Charts on Pesticide Resistance Management Groups
- Herbicide Groups Based on Target Site/Mode of Action
- Fungicide/Bactericide Groups Based on Target Site/Mode of Action
- Insecticide/Acaricide Groups Based on Target Site/Mode of Action
Explanation of Charts on Pesticide Resistance Management Groups
The federal government [Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA)] has introduced voluntary pesticide resistance management labeling based on target site/mode of action for agricultural uses of herbicides, fungicides/bactericides and insecticides/acaricides. They have created the following 3 tables that group pesticides according to their target sites/modes of action. This information is useful for planning pest management programs to minimize the risk of pesticide resistance.
Note: Resistance groups are constantly changing as new products with new modes of action are released. For more current lists, please refer to the following websites:
- Herbicide Resistance Action Committee
- Fungicide Resistance Action Committee
- Insecticide Resistance Action Committee
Herbicide Groups Based on Sites of Action
This list is based on the Herbicide Classification of the Weed Science Society of America (Weed Technology, 1997, 11:384-393). Microbial herbicides are not included.
| Group | Site of Action | Chemical Family | Active Ingredient |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase ACCase | Aryloxyphenoxy propionates | clodinafop-propargyl |
| diclofop-methyl | |||
| fenoxaprop-ethyl | |||
| fenoxaprop-p-ethyl | |||
| fluazifop-p-butyl | |||
| fluazifop-butyl | |||
| quizalofop-ethyl | |||
| quizalofop-p-ethyl | |||
| Cyclohexanediones | clethodim | ||
| sethoxydim | |||
| tralkoxydim | |||
| 2 | Inhibition of acetolactate synthase (ALS) and also called aceto-hydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) | Sulfonylureas | chlorimuron |
| chlorsulfuron | |||
| ethametsulfuron-methyl | |||
| metsulfuron-methyl | |||
| nicosulfuron | |||
| prosulfuron | |||
| rimsulfuron | |||
| sulfosulfuron | |||
| thifensulfuron-methyl | |||
| triasulfuron | |||
| tribenuron-methyl | |||
| triflusulfuron-methyl | |||
| Imidazolinones | imazamethabenz | ||
| imazamox | |||
| imazapyr | |||
| imazethapyr | |||
| Pyrimidinylthio-benzoate * | |||
| Triazolopyrimidime | flumetsulam | ||
| 3 | Microtubule assembly inhibitors | Dinitroanilines | ethalfluralin |
| pendimethalin | |||
| trifluralin | |||
| Pyridazine | dithiopyr | ||
| Unknown | None | chlorthal-dimethyl (DCPA) | |
| 4 | Synthetic auxins (action like indoleacetic acid) | Phenoxys | 2,4-D |
| 2,4-DB | |||
| dichlorprop (2,4-DP) | |||
| MCPA | |||
| MCPB | |||
| mecoprop (MCPP) | |||
| Benzoic acids | dicamba | ||
| Carboxylic acids | clopyralid | ||
| fluroxypyr | |||
| picloram | |||
| triclopyr | |||
| Quinoline carboxylic acid | quinclorac | ||
| Semicarbazone | diflufenzopyr | ||
| 5 | Inhibitors of photosynthesis at photosystem II Site A | Triazines | atrazine |
| cyanazine | |||
| prometon | |||
| prometryn | |||
| simazine | |||
| Triazinones | hexazinone | ||
| metribuzin | |||
| Uracils | bromacil | ||
| terbacil | |||
| Pyridazinone | pyrazon | ||
| Phenyl-carbamates | desmedipham | ||
| phenmedipham | |||
| 6 | Similar to group 5, but different binding behavior | Nitriles | bromoxynil |
| Benzothiadiazoles | bentazon | ||
| Phenyl-pyridazine | pyridate | ||
| 7 | Inhibitors of photosynthesis at photosystem II Site B | Ureas | diuron |
| linuron | |||
| metobromuron | |||
| monolinuron | |||
| siduron | |||
| tebuthiuron | |||
| Amide | propanil | ||
| 8 | Inhibition of lipid synthesis, not ACCase inhibition | Thiocarbamates | butylate |
| cycloate | |||
| EPTC | |||
| pebulate | |||
| triallate | |||
| vernolate | |||
| None | bensulide | ||
| Unknown | None | difenzoquat | |
| 9 | Inhibitors of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase | None | glyphosate |
| 10 | Inhibitors of glutamine synthetase | None | glufosinate-ammonium |
| 11 | Bleaching: Inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis (unknown target) | Triazole | amitrole |
| 12 | Bleaching: Inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis at the phytoene desaturase step (PDS) | Pyridazinone * | |
| Nicotinanilide * | |||
| Others | fluridone * | ||
| flurochloridone * | |||
| 13 | Bleaching: Inhibition of all diterpenes | Isoxazolidinone | clomazone |
| 14 | Inhibitors of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) | Diphenylethers | acifluorfen |
| fomesafen | |||
| oxyfluorfen | |||
| N-phenylphthalimides * | |||
| Oxadiazole | oxadiazon | ||
| Triazolinone * | |||
| 15 | Unknown | Chloroacetamides | metolachlor |
| s-metolachlor | |||
| propyzamide | |||
| dimethenamid | |||
| Acetamides | napropamide | ||
| Oxyacetamides * | |||
| 16 | Unknown | Benzofuran | ethofumesate |
| 17 | Unknown | Organoarsenicals | Arsenic, present as monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid (MSMA) |
| 18 | Inhibits dihydropteroate (DHP) synthase step | Carbamate | asulam |
| 19 | Inhibits indoleacetic acid action | Phthalamate | naptalam |
| 20 | Inhibits cell wall synthesis Site A | Nitrile | dichlobenil |
| 21 | Inhibits cell wall synthesis Site B | Benzamide | isoxaben |
| 22 | Photo system I-electron diverters | Bipyridyliums | diquat |
| paraquat | |||
| 23 | Inhibitors of mitosis | Carbamates | chlorpropham |
| 24 | Uncoupling membrane disruptors | Dinitrophenol | dinoseb |
| 25 | Unknown | Arylaminopropionic acid | flamprop-methyl |
| 26 | Unknown | None | trichloroacetic acid (TCA) |
| 27 | Unknown | Various | bromobutide * |
| cinmethylin * | |||
| dymron * | |||
| flupoxam * | |||
| 28 | Inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvatedioxygenase (4-HPPD) | benzoylisoxazole * | |
| Isoxazole * | |||
| Pyrazole * | |||
| Triketone * |
* Not registered in Canada at the time of publication.
Fungicide/Bactericide Groups Based on Sites of Action
This list is based on the fungicide listing compiled by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC). FRAC is a Specialist Technical Group of the Global Crop Protection Federation (GCPF). Microbial fungicides are not included.
| Group | Site of Action | Chemical Group | Active Ingredient |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Inhibition of tubulin formation | Benzimidazole | benomyl |
| carbendazim | |||
| thiabendazole | |||
| thiophanate-methyl | |||
| 2 | Affect cell division, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, and metabolism | Dicarboximide | iprodione |
| vinclozolin | |||
| 3 | Demethylation Inhibitor (DMI): Inhibition of demethylation in sterol biosynthesis | Imidazoles * | |
| Piperazine | triforine | ||
| Pyridine * | |||
| Pyrimidines * | |||
| Triazoles (includes conazoles) | myclobutanil | ||
| difenoconazole | |||
| propiconazole | |||
| triadimenol | |||
| 4 | Phenylamides Affect RNA synthesis | Acylamines | metalaxyl |
| metalaxyl M | |||
| Oxazolidinones * | |||
| Butyrolactones * | |||
| 5 | Morpholines Inhibition of an isomerase in sterol biosynthesis | Morpholines | dimethomorph |
| dodemorph | |||
| Piperidine * | |||
| Spiroketalamine * | |||
| 6 | Phosphorothiolate Inhibition of chitin and phospholipid synthesis | Organophosphorous * | |
| 7 | Oxathiin Affect mitochondrial transport chain | Anilide (Oxathiin) | carbathiin (carboxin) |
| oxycarboxin | |||
| 8 | Hydroxyprimidine | Pyrimidinol * | |
| 9 | Anilinopyrimidine Inhibition of amino acid synthesis | Anilinopyrimidine | cyprodinil |
| 10 | N-Phenyl carbamates Interfere with cell division | Diethofencarb * | |
| 11 | QoI-fungicides (Quinone outside Inhibitors) | Strobilurin |
azoxystrobin pyraclostrobin kresoxim-methyl trifloxystrobin |
| Oxazolidinedione | famoxadone | ||
| 12 | Phenylpyrroles | Phenylpyrroles | fludioxonil |
| 13 | Quinolines | Quinoline * | quinoxyfen |
| 14 | Aromatic hydrocarbons | Chlorophenyl | dicloran |
| quintozene (PCNB) | |||
| Thiadiazole | etridiazole | ||
| 15 | Cinnamic acids | Cinnamic acid * | |
| 16 | Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitors (MBI) | Reductase inhibitors * | |
| Dehydratase inhibitors * | |||
| 17 | Hydroxyanilide | Hydroxyanilide | fenhexamid |
| 18 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics | streptomycin |
| 19 | Polyoxins | Polyoxin * | |
| 20 | Phenylurea | Phenylurea * | |
| 21 | Plant host defence inducers | Benzothiadiazole (BTH) * | |
| U1 | Unknown Miscellaneous | Amino acid amide * | |
| Carbamate | propamocarb | ||
| Cyano-acetamide oxime * | |||
| Organo-tins | tri-phenyl tins | ||
| dinocap | |||
| fenfuram | |||
| fosetyl-aluminum | |||
| M2 | Multi-site activity | Inorganics | copper (hydroxide) |
| copper (oxychloride) | |||
| copper (sulphate) | |||
| sullphur (wettable) | |||
| Dithiocarbamates and relatives | ferbam | ||
| mancozeb | |||
| maneb | |||
| metiram | |||
| thiram | |||
| zineb | |||
| ziram | |||
| Phthalimide | captan | ||
| folpet | |||
| Chloronitrile | chlorothalonil | ||
| Sulphamide * | |||
| Guanidine | dodine | ||
| Triazine | anilazine | ||
| Phenyl-pyridinamine * | |||
| Quinoxaline | chinomethionat (oxythiquinox) |
1 The unknown group, designated by symbol "U," comprises a set of miscellaneous compounds for which that biochemical mode of action may or may not be known, but are not able to be placed with certainty in any other groupings.
2 The multi-site activity grouping, designated by symbol "M", comprises a collection of various chemicals that act as general toxophores with several sites of action. These sites may differ between group members.
* Not registered in Canada at the time of publication.
Insecticide and Acaricide Groups Based on Sites of Action
The classification scheme was developed in consultation with the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC). IRAC is a Specialist Technical Group of the Global Crop Protection Federation (GCPF).
Most biological insecticides are not included in this table because they don’t pose a great concern for resistance development. Microbial products with Bacillus sp. and azadirachtin (Neem). are included.
| Group | Site Of Action | Chemical Group | Active Ingredient |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1A1 | Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, interrupting the transmission of nerve impulses | Carbamates | aldicarb |
| aminocarb | |||
| bendiocarb | |||
| carbaryl | |||
| carbofuran | |||
| formetanate hydrochloride | |||
| methiocarb | |||
| methomyl | |||
| oxamyl | |||
| pirimicarb | |||
| propoxur | |||
| 1B1 | Organophosphates | acephate | |
| azamethiphos | |||
| azinphos-methyl | |||
| chlorfenvinphos | |||
| chlorpyrifos | |||
| coumaphos | |||
| diazinon | |||
| dichlorvos (DDVP) | |||
| dimethoate | |||
| disulfoton | |||
| ethion | |||
| fenitrothion | |||
| fensulfothion | |||
| fenthion | |||
| fonofos | |||
| malathion | |||
| methamidophos | |||
| methidathion | |||
| naled | |||
| oxydemeton-methyl | |||
| parathion | |||
| phorate | |||
| phosalone | |||
| phosmet | |||
| sulfotep | |||
| temephos | |||
| terbufos | |||
| tetrachlorvinphos | |||
| trichlorfon | |||
| 2A1 | Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel antagonis. Interferes with GABA receptors of insect neurons, leading to repetitive nervous discharges repetitive nervous discharges | Chlorinated cyclodienes | endosulfan |
| dienochlor | |||
| Polychlorocycloalkanes | lindane | ||
| 2B1 | GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists. Interferes with GABA receptors of insect neurons, leading to repetitive nervous discharges - fiprole site | Phenylpyrazoles * | |
| 3 | Sodium channel modulators. Acts as an axonic poison by interfering with the sodium channels of both the peripheral and central nervous system stimulating repetitive nervous discharges, leading to paralysis | diphenylethanes | dicofol |
| methoxychlor | |||
| Synethetic pyrethroids | d-allethrin | ||
| d-trans allethrin | |||
| cyfluthrin | |||
| cypermethrin | |||
| deltamethrin | |||
| fenpropathrin | |||
| fenvalerate | |||
| flucythrinate | |||
| tau-fluvalinate | |||
| permethrin | |||
| resmethrin | |||
| tefluthrin | |||
| tetramethrin | |||
| Pyrethrins | pyrethrins | ||
| 4 | 4 Acetylcholine receptor agonists/antagonists. Binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, disrupting nerve transmission | Chloronicotines (nitroguanidines) | imidacloprid |
| Nicotine | nicotine | ||
| Cartap * | |||
| Bensultap * | |||
| 5 | Acetylcholine receptor modulators. Alters acetylcholine receptor site and disrupts binding | Spinosyns | spinosad |
| 6 | Chloride channel activators. Interferes with the GABA nerve receptor of insects. | Avermectin | abamectin |
| Milbemycin * | |||
| 7 | Juvenile hormone mimics (insect growth regulator). Mimic juvenile hormones, which prevent moulting from the larval to the adult stage | Juvenile hormone analogues | methoprene |
| 8A1 | Unknown or non-specific site of action (fumigants) | Fumigant | methyl bromide |
| 8B1 | aluminum phosphide | ||
| 9A1 | Compounds of unknown or non-specific site of action (feeding disruptors) | Feeding disruptors * (pymetrozine, cryolite) | |
| 9B1 | |||
| 10 | Compounds of unknown or non-specific site of action (mite growth inhibitors) | Mite growth inhibitors (ovicide) | clofentezine |
| 11 | Microbial disruptors of insect mid-gut membranes (includes Cry proteins expressed in transgenic plants). Organism has protein inclusions that are released in the gut of the target pest resulting in gut paralysis and a cessation of feeding | Bt Microbials (biological insecticide/larvicide) | Bacillus thuringiensis var. Aizawai, encapsulated delta endotoxin |
| Bacillus thuringiensis var. Tenebrionis | |||
| Bacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis | |||
| Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki | |||
| 12 | Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation at the site of dinitrophenol uncoupling [disrupt adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation] | Organotin matricides | fenbutatin oxide |
| 13 | Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation (disrupt H proton gradient formation) | Pyrrole compound * (broad spectrum contact and stomach poison) | |
| 14 | Inhibit magnesium - stimulated ATPase | Sulfite ester matricides | propargite |
| 15 | Inhibit chitin biosynthesis | Substituted benzoylurea | diflubenzuron |
| 16 | Inhibit chitin biosynthesis type 1 - Homopteran | Thiadiazine * | |
| 17 | Inhibit chitin biosynthesis type 2- Dipteran | Triazine | cyromazine |
| 18 | Ecdysone agonist/disruptor. Disrupts insect molting by antagonizing the insect hormone ecdysone | Benzoic acid hydrazide | tebufenozide |
| Botanical * (Neem oil or azadirachtin | |||
| 19 | Octopaminergic agonist | Triazapentadiene | amitraz |
| 20 | Site II electron transport inhibitors | None | hydramethylnon |
| 21 | Site I electron transport inhibitors | Botanical | rotenone |
| Pyridazinone | pyridaben |
1 Other resistance mechanisms that are not linked to site of action, such as enhanced metabolism, are common for this group of chemicals. All members of this class may not have developed significant cross resistance. When only this group of products are available, alternation of compounds from subgroup A and subgroup B are recommended.
* Not registered for use in Canada at the time of publication.